I didnt read all reply's but i've been playing djembe since 12 years. now the most anoying i find bells which are situated like 40 to 20 cm from my ear. Maybe i am a bit deaf already but i never experience earringing from a practice session on djembe
I have only these advice:
never use in-ear headphones always replay on speakers.
Dont clean ur ears to much or at all, because earwax is the natural earplug. the hairs are in the wax so they cant break i supppose.
when u were exposed to loud music and have a ring in the ears, give ur ears rest after that for a couple of days. no music at all.
I know a lot of people whoem played a long time djembe and never use earplugs. and u know what. they still are able to have conversations and play djembe.
Like Sega Sidibe, A 66 year old legend, and yes maybe he played a lot outside but still i dont think this really is a point. same goes for dj's although they are more frequently exposed to much louder systems. now i know a lot of dj's and a lot of them are wearing earplugz custom made. but isnt that a sort of fashion thing? most of them who i know and bought the 400,- earplugz arent using them because the sound and experience are not the same.
I do think the problem is that when we go outside the studio there is still a lot of noise from cars, planes, trains, advertisements people screaming and all we like to have in our neighborhoods. and thats where u get no rest for the ears. so when u go outside of studio wear earplugs

offcourse there is damage but i think this is only a problem for people who work with headsets for their jobs and maybe people wich had an ear infection in the past or when they were baby's.
when u go to a club just stand in the back so the people in front of u absorb the sound and make it less hammering on ur ears. but when they put the music TO loud u better just leave or go talk with the sound man in the place.
offcourse all of this doesnt aply to people for people with physical hearing damage like being hit by a fist on the ear or with fireworks eardamage.